There have been a few previous works dealing with the Celts in Greek literature of this era, but each has its own specific goals and consequent limitations. V' The goal of this current study is to bring together all these early sources into one location for reference and study, while providing the original language text, translation, and a brief commentary on each of the classical sources mentioning the Celts up to the end of the fourth century BC. These sources, primarily litВ¬ erary but inscriptional as well, begin with the earliest periplus descriptions of the lands and people of the western Mediterranean and Atlantic coast, then move forВ¬ ward in time with brief, fragmentary glimpses of the first encounters between the ОљОµО»П„ОїОЇ and the Greek world, including descriptions of the early Celts and their way of life. AAI3381623., The Greek sources on the Celts from the end of the sixth century BC to the beВ¬ ginnings of the Hellenistic age at the end of the fourth century provide the earliest documented look at the world of the ancient Celts. Hudak, Bryan M, 'The вЂњHistoriesвЂќ of Ephorus' (2009). Subject AreaД¬lassical studies|Ancient history Recommended Citation This viewpoint led Ephorus to condemn the Spartan offenses committed against his homeland during his lifetime and demanded that his narrative reject the pro-Lacedaemonian account of Xenophon's Hellenica. Rather, his text was influenced by the author's sense of local perspective focused on the Aeolid and his native Cyme.

As such, Ephorus did not disseminate a pro-Athenian view of history out of deference to his master or employ praise and blame for the principal purpose of moralizing. We will find, however, that the tradition of his Isocratean education is spurious Ephorus neither accepted a historical model from Isocrates nor endorsed his political or cultural positions. This and many other authorial decisions have been credited to his supposed apprenticeship to Isocrates and his promulgation of 'rhetorical history.' This historiographical technique would have focused on style and moralization as opposed to historical accuracy and original analysis. In fact, the Histories contradict the Xenophonic narrative on numerous occasions. An investigation into Ephorus' use of sources will find that he employed virtually every available text known to us with the exception of Xenophon's Hellenica.

In addition, this survey will determine that the Greek history sections of books eleven through fifteen of Diodorus' Bibliotheca preserve the course of events from the Histories. Since his work exists in fragmentary form, we must treat its individual remains on a case-by-case basis. In the last several generations, there has been a tremendous reluctance to question some of our most basic assumptions about Ephorus, particularly his motives for writing history as well as his personal perspectives on culture and politics. Remarkably, Barber's 1935 work is the last monograph devoted entirely to Ephorus as such, a new treatment is needed. Despite its considerable historiographical importance, the text has only survived in fragments cited by other authors. Bryan M Hudak, University of PennsylvaniaД®phorus of Cyme, a Greek historian of the fourth century BC, is best known for his thirty-book Histories, which treated the Hellenic world from the end of the mythological age down to his own day.

Ephorus of cyme fragments